Daesh claimed responsibility for a terrorist attack on the High National Election Commission in Tripoli on 2 May , in which at least 13 people were killed and many injured, and further attacks on the National Oil Corporation in central Tripoli on 10 September , in which at least 2 people were killed, and on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tripoli on 25 December , which killed at least two people. In August , a car bomb explosion in the eastern city of Benghazi killed five, including three foreign nationals.
On 24 November , Daesh claimed responsibility for an attack on the central Libyan town of Tazerbo, in which at least 9 people were killed, 5 injured and 20 others kidnapped. On 4 October , at least 4 people were killed and many were wounded in a Daesh suicide bomb attack at the main court building in the city of Misrata. On 23 August , at least 11 were killed in a Daesh attack on a checkpoint in the central Jufra region.
On 2 October , a Dutch journalist was killed in Sirte, while reporting on the fighting between pro-government forces and Daesh. Terrorist groups in southern and south-west Libya are also of concern and are using the area as a safe haven and transit route.
Attacks have been launched in Libya and across the wider region, for example the In Amenas attack in Algeria in January Armed groups remain largely autonomous due the unstable political and security situation across large areas of Libya. Travel in border regions is especially risky. They have a proven capability of travelling long distances to carry out attacks, including in neighbouring countries and Libya.
There remains a continuing high threat of kidnap from criminal groups, armed groups and terrorist groups across the whole of Libya. Security precautions do not mitigate the threat. Terrorist groups including Daesh, Al Qaeda and their affiliates routinely use kidnapping as a tactic and are capable of conducting kidnapping across borders. Terrorist groups within Libya have both intent and capability to carry out further kidnappings. Foreign nationals have been kidnapped in Libya in the last 12 months.
Four foreign nationals were kidnapped in south-west Libya in November and most recently, 4 foreign nationals were kidnapped in south-east Libya in July See our Sahel page for information on the regional threat. A resident of the Salah al-Din district in southern Tripoli said shooting began at about 2. Conflict in Tripoli between the armed groups who vie to control both territory and state institutions would further undermine the prospect of December elections as part of a plan to end a decade of chaos, violence and division.
Despite a ceasefire and progress earlier this year towards a political solution to Libya's crisis, there has been no movement towards integrating its myriad armed groups into a unified national military.
The new fighting pitted the Brigade against the Stabilisation Support Force, two of the main forces in Tripoli, a witness said. The head of the Tripoli Military Zone, a structure set up to organise the various armed forces in the city during the civil war, indicated that the fighting was aimed at curbing the activities of Brigade.
The Brigade told Reuters it had been "surprised by an assault by armed men" and said it was surprised at Marwan's statement. The conflict resulted in at least 1, civilian casualties as of July and over , internally displaced people, according to the UN. Private military companies, including the Kremlin-linked Wagner Group, also provided support.
Internal and external conflict parties largely ignored an arms embargo ordered by the UN Security Council in and renewed multiple times.
No entity had been held to account over violations of the Libya arms embargo since Between April and June , the LAAF and its affiliates conducted indiscriminate artillery, air, and drone strikes that killed and wounded hundreds of civilians and destroyed civilian infrastructure. Videos posted on social media in May showed LAAF-affiliated fighters torturing opposing fighters and desecrating corpses after apparent summary executions.
GNA authorities said they also found 29 bodies in 18 other locations in the southern suburbs of Tripoli. The GNA also said it discovered at least bodies in the general hospital of Tarhouna after the withdrawal of Al Kani militias, who had controlled Tarhouna since GNA-affiliated armed groups were responsible for indiscriminate shelling and air and drone strikes, and often failed to ensure that no civilians were near targeted military facilities, which resulted in civilian casualties.
A January 5 attack on a military cadets training facility , apparently carried out by a UAE-supplied drone in support of the LAAF, killed 26 cadets and wounded dozens.
The same type of drone had been used by the UAE in support of the LAAF in a November attack on a biscuit factory in Tripoli outskirts, an apparent violation of the laws of war that resulted in the killing of eight civilians and wounding of 27 more.
The criminal justice system remained dysfunctional due to impunity, insecurity, and armed conflicts. Judges and prosecutors were subject to harassment, threats, assaults, abductions, and even killings. Where civilian and military courts conducted trials, mostly in Tripoli and Benghazi, there were serious due process concerns. Prison authorities continued to hold thousands of detainees in long-term arbitrary detention without charge.
Detainees included those held on security-related charges because of their participation in a conflict, terrorism suspects, and others held for common crimes such as murder or theft. Justice, interior, defense, and intelligence ministries linked with the respective governments in Libya all run detention facilities.
Prisons nominally run by authorities but often controlled by armed groups are marked by overcrowding, poor living conditions, and ill treatment. Prospects for their release remained dim because of the reluctance of their governments to repatriate them. Both men remained fugitives. In September, two families brought lawsuits in the United States against Khalifa Hiftar, accusing his forces of atrocities during the months-long siege of Ganfouda in Benghazi in in which their relatives were killed.
Previously, two families brought similar lawsuits against Hiftar for extrajudicial killings and torture of their relatives in eastern Libya by his forces.
No death sentences have been carried out since , although both military and civilian courts continued to impose them. As of October, the International Organization for Migration IOM estimated there were , internally displaced people in Libya, including , people displaced since the beginning of the April conflict in Tripoli and surrounding areas.
The displaced include many of the 48, former residents of the town of Tawergha, who in were driven out by armed groups predominantly from Misrata because of their support for the former Gaddafi government.
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