Rutherford had successfully disintegrated nitrogen atoms with alpha particles in , gleaning vital hints as to the structure of atomic nuclei. But a more powerful stream of projectiles would be needed to gather any further insight. Not quite a million volts, but Cockcroft read a seminal paper by George Gamow and realized quantum tunneling would let them achieve the same effect with a lower voltage.

They began bombarding lithium and beryllium targets with high-energy protons in March National Science Museum, London. On April 14, , Walton noticed the telltale signature of alpha particles after bombarding a lithium target: the lithium broke into two helium nuclei. Cockcroft and Rutherford confirmed this was the case. The three men penned a letter to Nature that same night announcing the first artificial disintegration of an atomic nucleus—the splitting of an atom—and the first nuclear transmutation of one element lithium into another helium.

As a bonus, when they measured the total kinetic energy of the new helium nuclei, it was greater than the original hydrogen and lithium nuclei, with a corresponding loss in the total mass. The team subsequently accomplished the same feat with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms, using protons, deuterons, and alpha particles to produce radioactive isotopes.

For their efforts, they received the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard who proposed that bombarding atomic nuclei with extra neutrons would make the atoms unstable and trigger a chain reaction to release energy much more quickly. Despite their success, the accelerator Cockcroft and Walton built was not as good a design as the cyclotron developed by Ernest O.

The energy released in splitting just one atom is miniscule. However, when the nucleus is split under the right conditions, some stray neutrons are also released and these can then go on to split more atoms, releasing more energy and more neutrons, causing a chain reaction.

This chain reaction very rapidly multiplies the amount of atoms split and the amount of energy released. Under the right conditions a large amount of energy can be released within a fraction of a second resulting in a nuclear explosion. In theory every atom can be split in this way, but in reality size matters.

The smaller the nucleus, the more energy required to split the atom. Atoms with larger nuclei can be more successfully split. Iron is a very stable element. Atoms with nuclei larger than those of iron are generally considered big enough for nuclear fission in this way. In reality, only a few elements are actually used, Uranium is the most common one used in nuclear reactors. When the atom is split it does not split into two exact halves; uranium, for example, has 92 protons in its nucleus.

An atom of uranium typically splits into an atom of krypton 36 protons and an atom of barium 56 protons. This is called binary fission. On rare occasions atoms can be split in three, it is called ternary fission. Share on: LinkedIn. Further reading. Some modules are disabled because cookies are declined.

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Learn more. Image credit: J Dainton. The day that transformed subatomic physics was 14 April when Cockcroft and Walton split the lithium atom with a proton beam. Initially they used a beam of keV, but later demonstrated atom splitting by a beam with energy below keV. The experimenters closeted themselves in a lead-lined wooden hut in the accelerator room, and then peered through a microscope to look for scintillations due to alpha particles, which they counted by hand.

If a zinc sulphide screen hanging on the wall glowed, they added a little more lead — so much for health and safety 75 years ago. Of course, they found scintillations, thereby observing the splitting of lithium nuclei by the incident protons, to form two alpha particles. In early August , Gamow, and later Cockcroft, had visited the Kharkov Institute and discussed the new idea.

Many laboratories repeated and added to the work of the Cavendish Laboratory during the following six months, leading to a flood of experiments around the world. But it was Cockcroft and Walton who first split the atom, albeit later than might have been.

The so-called Cockcroft—Walton multiplier, based on a ladder-cascade principle to build up the voltage level by switching charge through a series of capacitances, is still in use today. The original version used by Cockcroft and Walton was, in fact, a refinement of a much earlier circuit by M Schenkel, a German engineer, which Heinrich Greinacher had already improved and so could never be patented.

John Cockcroft's son right and three daughters at the opening of the Cockcroft Institute by Lord Sainsbury of Turville on 19 September Cockcroft and Walton naturally had close links with Chadwick, whose Nobel prize-winning discovery of the neutron occurred only a few weeks earlier in the same laboratory, making an extra-ordinary year for an extraordinary laboratory.

Chadwick eventually built the first synchrocyclotron at the University of Liverpool, which was then reproduced at CERN at its inception in the early s. In , Cockcroft started work on radar systems for defence. In he became director of the Chalk River Laboratory, Canada. The week of 8—12 October marked the 50th anniversary of an event that was as notorious in its day as Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania or Chernobyl: the fire in the reactor at Wind-scale on the coast in north-western England.

This was an environmental disaster that followed a standard procedure to release Wigner thermal energy stored in the graphite pile. The cause is still controversial.

There's a sense of confidence that comes from feeling in control of your finances - and working with a financial advisor can help you get there. Please share your experience and tell your friends and family about me. Company information. A company with integrity. Our locations Ameriprise Financial was founded and is headquartered in Minneapolis. Our history Since , we at Ameriprise Financial have been helping millions of clients invest towards their financial goals and dreams.

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I remember how stressful it was to pick which high school to attend. Choosing a school further away from my home meant further complications with time and money. To access better education, I needed public transit. With only three high schools in Scarborough offering Extended French, it was hard for most Scarborough residents to access the program.

Luckily, free TTC tickets were offered for some students at the time. Now that fewer students have access to the programs, is it time for the provincial or municipal government to invest in accessible transit for all high school students? Story continues below. Students are unable to support themselves financially. One of my friends, who lived near me, did not make the cut for free TTC tickets even though she lived over a minute walk away from our school.

Luckily, my dad would give her and me rides to school in the morning, so I would give her the tickets I saved up from the morning for her to use in the afternoon. Not everyone is so lucky. This is why free transit for high school students would help low-income families. Puhakka called on the provincial and federal governments to make operating funding for the TTC permanent so that the agency could increase service and reduce fares.

The budget will be debated by the TTC board on Monday, before going to council for final approval in February. Anyone can read Conversations, but to contribute, you should be registered Torstar account holder.

If you do not yet have a Torstar account, you can create one now it is free. Copyright owned or licensed by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. All rights reserved. To order copies of Toronto Star articles, please go to: www. Ben Spurr is a Toronto-based reporter covering transportation for the Star. Reach him by email at bspurr thestar. Read more about: Metrolinx. Join the conversation Load comments. This Toronto company is breaking barriers for women in construction.

There is a tiny guinea pig oasis in the middle of Toronto. Ikea won't be selling Christmas trees in Toronto this year due to shortage. Truck driver without a licence spills concrete all over Ontario highway. Ontario nurses are furious with the government for chronic short-staffing. Doe-eyed deer are being spotted in random places all over Toronto.

Team loyalties are tested as Olivia's crew uncovers a truth. Elsewhere, Cyrus tries to manage his own crisis, which may have gotten out of hand. Thu, Dec 12, 60 mins. Lasting changes occur in the wake of a truth being exposed, and the individuals involved deal with the repercussions.

Thu, Feb 27, 60 mins. Sally delivers shocking news, which rocks the White House. Meanwhile, Olivia tackles a demanding new role. Thu, Mar 6, 60 mins. Feelings of jealousy emerge in Fitz, who must confront a hard truth at a presidential event.

Elsewhere, Quinn tries to impress B; and Leo arranges for Sally to meet with an old friend. Thu, Mar 13, 60 mins. Fitz thinks he's prepared for the first presidential debate, but a surprise awaits him. Meanwhile, unexpected news leads Olivia to make tough choice; and Olivia's team represents a CEO who's been accused of murder.

Thu, Mar 20, 60 mins. Sally causes problems when she meets with the National Rifle Association. Meanwhile, someone unexpected seeks help from Olivia's firm; and Olivia and Huck have surprising realisations.

Thu, Mar 27, 60 mins. Scandal, The Complete Series. Scandal, Season 4. Scandal, Season 7. Scandal, Season 6. Scandal, Season 5. Grey's Anatomy, Season Revenge, Season 4. Suits: The Complete Series.

House of Cards, Season 5. However, when Fitz learns the truth about Mellie's past, he decides to stay with his wife rather than leave her for Olivia. Do we really have to talk about this one? Fine, let's be brief: Quinn begins a romantic relationship with B operative Charlie, who turns her into an assassin. Huck finds out and tortures her for betraying Olivia It's gross. At the end of the season, Quinn gives Huck a file which she got from Charlie containing the whereabouts of his estranged family.

He rings their doorbell but we don't see the reunion. Cyrus and Mellie try to discredit Sally as a Presidential nominee by coercing her closeted husband, Daniel, into an affair with Cyrus's husband, James. Yeah, it's messed up. When Sally finds out the truth, she kills Daniel in a fit of rage. Cyrus helps her cover up the murder, lest his involvement be discovered. James becomes suspicious of Daniel's death and helps U.

But Jake, who has been promoted to Command of B, decides he needs to cover up the truth for the sake of the American people.

He shoots everyone involved in the investigation — a reporter, an NSA employee, and James — leaving only David alive if he agrees to keep quiet. Mellie and Fitz confess their true feelings. Olivia is caught in the White House as a hostage with a bomber. S3, Ep4. S3, Ep5. Meanwhile, Jake and Huck get closer to the truth about Operation Remington.

S3, Ep6. Olivia faces a decision that will affect her White House relationships; Harrison's loyalty is tested; Cyrus and Mellie scheme against Josie Marcus while the team works with her. S3, Ep7. In hope of recovering from public backlash, Mellie does a hard-hitting news interview; as Huck pushes Quinn away, her bloodlust threatens to put her in danger.

S3, Ep8. Olivia and the team must manage a potential crisis with the Josie Marcus campaign while investigating Operation Remington; Cyrus tries to take down Sally. S3, Ep9.

Stock Market. Most Read RBI imposes severe restrictions on this bank, imposes Rs 1, cap on withdrawals — check details. World Diabetes Day: Here's why you should buy health insurance for diabetes. Sapphire Foods IPO subscribed 6. World Diabetes Day: degree approach for Diabetes management. Manipur Elections BJP predicted to retain power, close fight with Congress likely, says opinion poll. Lucknow set to emerge as the epicenter of realty growth in North India. Food, grocery, restaurant sectors help India's retail market finally cross pre-Covid sales level.

For more news on Anna University, click here. Click here to join our channel indianexpress and stay updated with the latest headlines. Home Education Anna University revaluation results declared at Coe1. Edu Anna University revaluation results declared at Coe1. Anna University: The results for odd semesters 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th were released on February 4, Anna University has released the results of under graduate and post graduate examination results.

The Indian Express website has been rated GREEN for its credibility and trustworthiness by Newsguard, a global service that rates news sources for their journalistic standards. Delhi News Live: Haryana govt shuts schools in Gurgaon, three other cities due to poor air quality 49 mins ago. Such as the last date for paying fee. As students are eagerly wait for the Anna University results they can check in our page.

The Details will be provided in the below table. To know the procedure to apply for Revaluation click here. How much does Anna University charges for revaluation? Anna University is planning to release the revaluation results in the coe poral coe1. Due to which there is an increase in the percent of students having arrear. He also felt happy cause this will increase the quality of the students gradually.

Variations in temperature makes your perfume suffer hence it is always best to keep it in a place where it is not prone to temperature vacillation; an example of places in the home with variations in temperature is the bathroom. Rooms with direct access to sunlight are also bad for your perfume. Sunlight can actually break down some molecules faster than they normally would if kept out of the sunlight. You may have noticed in the past that your bottles of perfume that were displayed where they came into contact with sunlight on a regular basis have become clearer and have lost their original color.

Needless to say, both ends of the temperature spectrum are not good for your perfume. The best place to store your perfume has 3 markers known as CDD:. The drawer in your bedroom meets these criteria - and should be one of the places for you to store your perfume. Your wardrobe is another place. Also, remember to not throw away its packaging because it being inside its original packaging helps in the preservation of your perfume and curbs evaporation.

Sat 06 21 The Perfumery. Photo by Natanni on Unsplash. Does perfume expire? Can cologne go off? Does Perfume go bad? Are all questions you might be thinking about as you slowly build a mountain of fragrance on your dresser. However, if you have owned fragrance for many months or years you may have noticed that its strength has lessened, or it may have developed a strange smell. So, can perfume go off? Well yes it definitely can, and all is not lost as there are many things you can do to increase its life.

Not only this but there are a number of key factors that can determine the life of a perfume; the quality, the fragrance family and how you store it. In this article we will try and help you understand everything you need to know about how long perfume lasts and how to tell if your perfume has expired, along with how to store it properly.

Photo by Olga Serjantu on Unsplash. Yes, perfume and also after shave do go off. According to experts , perfumes with heavier base notes will last the longest. However, even though the average bottle of perfume will only keep for about three to five years before the color and smell change, there are ways to make your signature scent last longer than average. Some actually prefer the way an aged perfume smells. But there's a right way to age your perfume without it going bad.

To be able to keep your perfumes for as long as possible, there are three things to make sure to do. Heat will break down the components of a perfume more quickly, so it's important to keep your scents in a cool place. Some even recommend storing perfumes and colognes in the refrigerator to make it last longer and stay true-to-scent.

I know, this is sad news to hear, especially if you have a few open fragrances sitting in your bathroom cabinet. According to Givaudan perfumer Jacques Huclier, who has created fragrances for brands like Gucci, Thierry Mugler and Hugo Boss, an unopened bottle of perfume can last several years depending on how it is stored. You can tell if a perfume has expired when the smell is slightly sour, especially as the top notes oxidize.

This can have a slight metallic scent. Another indication that perfume has expired is discoloration [of the juice].

At the end of the day, I settled on using all-purpose flour for my recipe. It's the flour most people already have in their pantries, and it makes great pasta. Any time I refer to "flour" from here on out, I'm talking about your handy bag of AP. That said, if you want to get more serious, 00 flour, with its powdery texture, can yield even silkier noodles, and semolina adds a heartiness and a rougher texture that'll help sauces cling better to your noodles.

Some folks like to add a combination of semolina and 00—I haven't tested all the permutations, but stay tuned. I just might take the insanity to a whole new level. Regardless of what flours you choose to experiment with, I'd recommend familiarizing yourself with basic dough-making techniques using just one type, so that you'll know what cues to look for. With my flour selected, it was time to test different sources of moisture.

My first step was to make three doughs, keeping the hydration level as consistent as possible across the board. I used three equal measurements of all-purpose flour as my baseline; one batch got water, one batch got egg whites, and the third got egg yolks. This is what I wound up with; you can probably tell which is which. The water-only pasta right was a total bust—the noodles were bland, mushy, and The yolks, on the other hand, made a beautiful, golden dough left.

More yolks will deliver more color, more egg flavor, and silkier noodles. Unfortunately, that high fat content complicates things a little bit. Though it's not exactly scientifically accurate, you can think of that fat as making the gluten proteins all slippery, preventing them from building a strong network—when I tested this using different amounts of olive oil, I found that, sure enough, more oil made for softer, mushier, less elastic noodles.

And, to complicate matters even further, I had a really hard time getting the flour and yolks to come together. It was a dry, tough dough that was difficult to mix and knead—not exactly beginner-friendly. Difficulty aside, an all-yolk pasta may make great noodles, but it's not sufficiently elastic to use for stuffed pastas, which require a dough that can be rolled more thinly and is, quite simply, bendier.

I needed to strike a better balance. At this point, I knew there was no point in adding water—if I wanted additional moisture, egg whites were definitely a better bet. It seemed clear that my dough was going to require a combination of whole eggs and additional yolks. I ultimately settled on three yolks for every egg white. What's that? You like softer, mushier noodles?

Good for you. Add a teaspoon of oil to my basic recipe. Want a richer, eggier flavor and a more golden hue? Throw in an extra yolk and add a little more flour. This is your dough. To figure out exactly how much flour to use with my eggs—to find my ideal hydration level, technically speaking—I made five batches of dough. Using the same ratio of yolk and egg white for each, I began with four ounces of flour and, moving in half-ounce increments, added flour to each batch until I could no longer get the dough to come together.

After I'd kneaded these doughs for 10 minutes each, they looked like this:. Once I'd let them rest for 30 minutes more on resting times shortly! The wettest dough and the driest dough were completely unworkable. They simply wouldn't pass through the roller—one was incredibly sticky, while the other crumbled into dry clumps. Sometimes, a longer resting time can help a dough hydrate more, and it is possible that the driest of these could be rehabilitated with additional time.

We'll get to the pros and cons of long rests in a bit. Ultimately, the sweet spot that I, and my blind-tasters, settled on was one whole egg 1. The dough represented by the pasta strands on the left was so wet that the noodles stuck together; the one on the right was dense and almost stiff.

The middle pasta, our unanimous winner, was made with a dough that was relatively easy to mix and knead, but not so wet that the pasta stuck to the roller or itself. It tasted good, looked good, and had that signature delicate, satiny texture. To Salt or Not to Salt? My dough was almost perfect. The only other thing I wanted to test was whether I'd get even better flavor by adding salt directly to the dough, instead of just my cooking water or sauce. The simple answer is yes. Do it! Salting pasta water is still well and good, but there's no compelling reason not to salt your dough.

I tried both fine-grained iodized salt and slightly coarser kosher salt, and both work; I prefer the flavor of kosher salt. Just don't use a coarse sea salt, which will keep your dough from developing a silky-smooth texture. Hypothetically, you could salt your pasta even more and skip salting your pasta water, but I choose to make a dough that still tastes good after cooking in salted water, since it gives me a little more flexibility in the flavor of the final product—I can make and freeze batches of dough and then decide on a case-by-case basis how salty I want my pasta to be.

At this point, we're working with 10 ounces of flour, a teaspoon of salt, and two whole eggs, plus four additional yolks. This will make four to six servings and can be halved or doubled as desired. If you have a good food processor, you can go ahead and toss all your ingredients in and let it run until it forms a big ball.

Let it keep whipping around in there, or take it out and knead it with your hands. You can get to a similar point with a stand mixer, using your dough hook attachment. But I gotta admit: I love making pasta by hand. It's a little more work, but it's satisfying, fun work.

It also gives you a lot more control. I'm going to let you in on a little secret: When I'm making pasta at home, I don't measure my flour. Sure, I'll weigh out a rough amount, but when you're working with flour and eggs, there are a lot of variables that you simply can't control.

Your eggs might be slightly bigger or smaller; it might be an especially humid or dry day. All of these things will affect how much flour you'll need. Mixing by hand guarantees that you can adjust your dough as you're working, ultimately allowing you to develop your ideal texture with greater precision. Here's how to do it. Step 1: Make a Well.

Weigh out your flour and pour it onto your surface in a pile. Then, with your fingers, make a hole in the center. You'll want it to be relatively wide—at least four inches—to accommodate all those eggs.

Now add your eggs to the center. These photos show the old-school technique, in which you actually whisk the eggs once they're on the countertop, but there's no reason you can't whisk them ahead of time. Step 2: Mix. Using a fork or your fingertips, gradually start pushing the flour into the pool of egg.

So, as promised, I will do a brief review, while still talking about pasta. So, what do I think of this machine? It does what I want it to! AND it comes with a double cutter for spaghetti and fettuccine which I have used successfully. The machine works like a charm and is very durable and reliable. One con I have noticed about this machine after making pasta about 15 times in it!

So, when rolling pasta by hand, I have learned that using only semolina flour to make your dough is going to kill you and will make you want to cry. Trust me. Additionally, Thomas Keller calls for using a tablespoon of milk in his original recipe, if you have some dry white wine around i.

Pinot Grigio , feel free to use that instead of milk- it will give the dough a little pizazz! Adapted from Thomas Keller via Epicurious , Always wanted to make fresh pasta.

Thanks for sharing. We and by that I mean my husband made pasta tonight! No pasta maker. Well, he is the pasta maker! I posted the recipe we use a while back on my blog but it is essentially all semolina. I am NOT a pasta addict- at all- but his pasta is like nothing you buy at the store. I think I wrote this to you before. I have very good luck with semolina flour.

You must put it through the food processor and make it as light as possible and then be sure to rest it wrapped in plastic. If it is too sticky, then the egg amount is off. Simply add in more flour, a tiny bit at a time. I write this because of everything I have tried, I stand by semolina being the very best flour for pasta that will have body to it and not end up being simply egg noodles.

What a wonderful recipe! My reluctance in making my own pasta is cleaning the machine. I buy mine at Whole Foods. And, another thing I thought of today is to eliminate every other egg white. The whites are protein and can cause toughness.

I like making homemade pasta for homemade chicken noodle soup in the crock pot. There is no doubt that you are a good individual — this is really a terrific write-up!

Hi Justin, the cooking time really depends on what you are making the pasta dough into. For spaghetti and fettucini I would say minutes is a good call. I personally have not tried drying the pasta because I always end up using it all before I have anything left.

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Home Learn In the kitchen Fresh pasta dough: the 7 things you need to know. In the kitchen Sep Fresh pasta dough: the 7 things you need to know Making your own fresh egg pasta is rewarding, but there are a few key rules you need to know.

John Campbell. Or, how about? Save recipe. King prawn and herb-and-almond pesto pasta. Read more. Learn How to make fresh pasta. I live in denial until the morning I look out the window and the familiar view of our backyard has changed overnight into an indistinct, fluffy, blanket of snow. I immediately think of all the people that have to start their day, going to school, or to work or any other activity. How do they react? Do they crawl back in bed or go out anyways?

They probably have to keep going. My husband has to. Maybe because they were born here and they've seen this "thing" happen year after year, they built up a shield, a "carelessness", and even an immune system that I do not have. My first thought is to lock myself in the house and go out only when Loreto will take me to the airport to go back home.

This mindset eventually changes and I do go out a bit, all bundled up so I can face the cold outside. There is something so comforting and "homey" in making pasta dough from scratch. I get flashbacks of my great grandma, grandma, mom, and aunts making their own pasta, their certain hand movements, the soft look in their eyes, the love that emanates from the simple task of blending four and eggs. The ratio has always been, in my family, for generations, 1 egg to g of flour. A pinch of salt, optional, a few drops of water necessary if your eggs are on the smaller side and you feel the dough is too dry.

Always the whole eggs and not only the yolks; very practical, the women in my life, they wouldn't want to deal with leftover egg whites just for the sake of a brighter yellow pasta dough.

What about the olive oil, you're asking? I know somebody adds it, never in my family. As for the flour to use, I also added in the notes my thoughts on using a blend of flour type 00 and semolina.

The percentage is up to you. The semolina gives a coarser texture particularly suitable to let the sauce stick to your noodles without sliding down. I use less or no semolina when I'm making ravioli or lasagna sheets.

I use a wooden surface called spianatoia in Italian like my mom and nonna would do. Working on a rough surface gives a better consistency to the dough. I like to use my hands to " feel " the dough, if it is sufficiently ductile and soft, but not too much, neither too dry, otherwise it will tear when stretching.

You can -of course- use a food processor to speed things up, and later we will share a version of pasta dough making in the food processor. The time you work the dough and the energy you put into it, develop the gluten, which is fundamental for the final consistency of the pasta. Work it for no less than 5 minutes: you have to give it elasticity, with the warmth of the hands and kneading properly with the necessary force.

Push it forward with the palm, then fold it and turn it, without tearing it and repeating the movement, again and again, several times, until smooth "as a baby's bottom".

Now it's time for the dough to rest. Thirty 30 minutes is the necessary time for the different components of the dough to be tied together. Air is the enemy of pasta dough, in every phase of the process. While resting, it must be wrapped in plastic, or covered with a wet towel, or left under a bowl.

That's it your dough is done! The blend of 00 flour and semolina flour is completely up to you. When I am not cooking, I enjoy playing musical instruments, singing, writing. I have learned over the years to live in gratitude and enjoy the moment. I love baking and kneading dough because it takes me to a happy place in my soul.

I feel the same way about the first snowfall

Federal tax law allows you to claim a deduction for the business mileage if you're not reimbursed for the expense. You have two optional methods to calculate your mileage expenses when using a personal vehicle for work purposes. Your deduction is based on your business use percentage, i. The second method is to multiply the miles you drive for work by the Internal Revenue Service standard mileage rate, which changes every year and sometimes twice a year.

The total of all expenses you report in this category must be reduced by two percent of your adjusted gross income, or AGI. The detail of your expenses will be shown on either Form or EZ, which is used to report employee business expenses.

TurboTax will fill in the right forms for you. If your employer has a policy that covers reimbursements or allowances for mileage, you need to determine whether the policy is an accountable plan before claiming any deduction. Your Form will show your expenses and the amount of employer reimbursement; the difference between the two will be your deduction.

As a result, the reimbursements will be reported on your tax return in the same way as your wages. Although you will pay income tax on your reimbursements, you can deduct all mileage expenses despite receiving reimbursements. Section of the Internal Revenue Code provides exclusions but only for meals or lodging furnished in kind, in other words, when the employer actually provides the lodging.

Cash allowances or reimbursements are not eligible for this exclusion. Remember that, just as in the case of the day meals, Federal law takes precedence over a state statute, employment, or union contracts, in determining the Federal tax liability for furnished lodging. The actual facts and circumstances and the requirements are outlined in Internal Revenue Code which determine the liability for Federal income tax, social security and Medicare taxes.

You know Wendy; many of us have heard or read that exercise is good for us. And as an employer you may even be considering offering athletic club memberships to your employees. This may sound like a great idea, but before you do it, or in case you already do offer this benefit, let's talk about the tax implications. Under Internal Revenue Code section j 4 , the value of any on-premises athletic facility provided by an employer is not taxable to the employees. There are a few factors that determine if this fringe benefit is not taxable.

You may have notice that I said "on-premise athletic facility". The term "on-premises athletic facility" is any gym or athletic facility:. The athletic facility does not need to be on the employer's business premises.

However, the facility must be on property owned and operated by the employer and it cannot be a facility for residential use, such as a resort. The facility could include gyms, swimming pools, tennis courts, golf courses and running or bicycle paths.

The exclusion for athletic facilities does not apply to any membership in an athletic facility including health clubs or country clubs unless the facility is owned or leased and operated by the employer and used substantially by the employer's employees, spouses and dependents.

Therefore, if the employer is paying for employees' membership to the local gym or Y and neither are owned and operated by the employer the membership is considered a taxable fringe benefit, the value of which should be included in the employee's W However, if the employer has a work out facility on its property, and it is owned and operated by the employer and substantially all of the use is by employees then the fringe benefit would tax-free. Probably one of the most common reimbursements or allowances an employer makes to an employee is for the employee's vehicle usage.

This is generally paid as either a flat allowance amount or as a "cents per mile" reimbursement. And to answer one of the audiences questions, the reimbursement could also be at the actual cost incurred by the employee with receipts submitted under an accountable plan.

In general, if a government employer reimburses auto expenses under an accountable plan, the reimbursement is not taxable to the employee. Additionally, the expense would not be deductible by the employee on their personal tax return since the reimbursement was not included in the employee's income. The employee is required to follow the accountable rules of providing the date, mileage, and business purpose for the mileage they submit.

Allowable Mileage-rate reimbursements for business travel are excludable from the wages of the employee if paid at or below the standard Federal mileage rate. The employee must follow the accountable plan rules and account for the business miles driven.

If the employer's reimbursement rate exceeds the standard rate, the excess amount is taxable to the employee as regular wages. When there is an excess reimbursement, the nontaxable and taxable amounts are reported on form W-2 with:.

In other words, the taxable portion is reported the same as any other compensation in boxes 1, 3, and 5 with the withholding reported in boxes 2, 4 and 6. If a government employer reimburses an employee's mileage under an accountable plan substantiating the business mileage, and the reimbursement is at or below the Federal mileage rate, then:. If reimbursements are not paid under an accountable plan, or the reimbursement exceeds the allowable amounts , the money, or a portion of it, is taxable as wages.

As was mentioned earlier, the government agency has the option of reimbursing the employee for actual expenses, such as fuel cost. These reimbursements are excludable from the employee's compensation, under an accountable plan. The employee must document expenses and the connection to the business. Expenses that are personal in nature like commuting are never excludable and reimbursement for such personal expenses should be included in the employee's taxable wages.

Regardless of how the reimbursement is calculated, in order for it to be considered paid under the accountable plan rules, the employee must provide substantiation to the employer. The travel substantiation rules require the employee to record. The regulations require that mileage be recorded at or near the time the mileage is incurred.

As we mentioned, reimbursements for non-business travel, including commuting, is taxable, even if paid at or below, the Federal mileage rate and calculated on the same documentation as an accountable plan. We have mentioned Commuting multiple times today, so let me remind you that commuting can occur for many different reasons. Commuting is personal travel between the residence and the place of business and is considered non-business travel or personal.

As a reminder, Commuting can be at the request of the employer or solely initiated by the employee. For example, if you have an employee that normally works Monday through Friday and goes into the office on the weekend.

This is still personal commuting , regardless of whether it is required by the employer or initiated by the employee. Here is another question from the audience: "If an employee takes a taxi from their home to work because they have large or heavy project materials that they are bringing with them to work for a presentation, or conference that is business related, is that taxable or non-taxable?

Under the commuting rules that we have described, the reimbursement for the taxi would be a taxable fringe benefit and subject to employment taxes because the employee is considered to be commuting. And as a sidebar, if the employees does not submit a claim for business mileage reimbursement, they can not claim the expenses on their personal tax return.

John, that was an excellent description on the business use of an employees personal vehicle. Now I would like to cover government employees using government owned vehicle. You should know when an employer provides a vehicle to an employee solely for business purposes there are no tax consequences or W-2 reporting required and the business use is treated as a working condition fringe benefit.

However, employees are still required to keep trip records. Remember business use does not include commuting. Employees need to maintain records to substantiate that all vehicle use was for business purposes. If an employer-provided vehicle is used for both business and personal use, the substantiated business use is not taxable to the employee however the personal use is considered a fringe benefit and taxable as wages.

There are a couple of options for the government and the employee in this situation. If the employee fully substantiates the business and personal use, the Government has the option to tax only the personal use of the vehicle, OR the employee has the option to reimburse the employer for personal use rather than having it treated as wages. The Government also has the option to include all use as wages and notify the employee that they are reporting the full amount. Then it is up to the employee to substantiate the business use and deduct it from their - personal tax return, form schedule A.

John would you like to share with us a couple of examples of what may be considered personal use? I would be happy to provide a few examples.

Keep in mind that this is not an all-inclusive list. We have already discussed that commuting between the residence and work is considered personal use. Vacation, weekend use AND use by a spouse or by dependents is also considered personal use. An exception to personal use limitation is use that qualifies as de minimis. A few examples of excludable de minimis use of an employer-provided vehicle include:. Small personal detours while on business, such as driving to lunch while out of the office on business OR Infrequent personal use.

Infrequent personal use is generally less than one day per month. This does not mean that an employee can receive excludable reimbursements for commuting 12 days a year. Keep in mind that this rule is available to cover infrequent, occasional situations. Let me give you an example to illustrate de minimis use. Say an employee uses a government motor pool vehicle for a business meeting. The government requires employees return motor pool vehicles at the end of the business day, but the employee is delayed and the motor pool is closed when the employee arrives back at the office.

The employee takes the vehicle home and returns it the next morning. Assuming that this is an infrequent occurrence for that employee - generally happening no more than once a month, the commuting value of the trip is a nontaxable de minimis fringe benefit. So Wendy, what kind of documentation is required to determine if there is tax due from the employee? Keep in mind that vehicles are considered "listed property" and therefore, in order to support an exclusion from tax, separate records for business and personal mileage are required.

If records documenting business and personal mileage separately are not provided by the employee, the value of ALL use of the vehicle is considered wages to the employee. In that case, the employee may be able to itemize deductions for any substantiated business use on their personal Form , Schedule A. If an employee records business and personal use separately, only the personal use of the automobile is considered income.

This can have a significant impact on employees and is a sizeable incentive for employees to maintain the required documentation. So John if there is a taxable amount, for either all the use or just the personal use, how is it valued? Under the general valuation rule for fringe benefits, the amount to include in income is the fair market value. For vehicle use, fair market value is generally the lease value of the vehicle, which we will discuss in a minute, but other rules may apply in certain circumstances.

There are actually three methods that determine the personal use value of a vehicle. When the employer reports personal use as wages, they must use one of these 3 special valuation rules. Generally, these rules are applied on a vehicle-by-vehicle basis and the employer may use different rules for different vehicles and for different employees. If you drive a personal vehicle for business reasons, you may want to consider talking with your employers about a direct reimbursement or allowance.

A solution like MileIQ for Teams is an ideal way for businesses to handle mileage reimbursement programs. It uses automatic mileage tracking and standardized digital reports. This leads to:. Paying freelance taxes for the first time? Don't sweat it. Here are easy-to-follow tips that will prepare you for tax season.

A Car Allowance can add up over the year but is a car allowance taxable income on your tax return? If depends on what records your company keeps. You can write off vehicle expenses on your taxes for big savings.

It was actually intended to just be used as a tax deduction tool for individuals. A reimbursement for an employee's use of a personal vehicle should cover the business portion of the following expenses i. Looking at this list, you might realize that some of these costs are higher in certain parts of the country than others. California's gas prices and Michigan's auto insurance premiums, for example. Should drivers in expensive locations receive the same mileage reimbursement rate as drivers in inexpensive places?

Let's explore that question. The primary problem with using a standard mileage rate for all drivers within an organization is that these drivers do not actually incur costs at the same rate. Not only do some live in more expensive areas than others, but some drive a lot more than others. In order for a mileage reimbursement to work, a driver has to drive a certain number of miles per month in order to recover that month's portion of the ownership costs of the vehicle.

After reaching that amount, then the mileage-based costs like fuel, oil, and maintenance will start being reimbursed. At some point, the mileage multiplied by the mileage rate will exactly equal the combined set of expenses for that month. Once the driver reaches that magic number, each mile driven begins to become extra income.

If the driver never reaches that number, then their costs are not fully reimbursed for that month. This creates a problem.

There are three possible scenarios for receiving inventoried goods: they might come with the invoice, before the invoice, or after the invoice. You determine which by setting the Process Order pop-up menu. By definition, non-inventoried items cannot be brought into stock, and hence cannot be received before the invoice.

This is the usual case, and means you can enter the quantity received and the correct price; MoneyWorks will generate a creditor invoice or payment if required for the goods, which will be brought into stock when the invoice is posted. In this situation you would have recorded the total amount paid as a prepayment invoice or deposit, as described previously. You would then receipt the goods through the originating purchase order. You should not need to alter the prices, as these will have been entered when the invoice was processed —see Paying a Deposit with Order.

However if these have changed for some reason, you can alter them. The invoice number defaults to that in the Invoice field of the purchase order. This will be set automatically to the number of the last prepayment invoice. The Deposit product is used to reduce the outstanding amount of the invoice by the value of any previously paid deposits or prepayment invoices. You should use the same Deposit product as used when the original prepayment was made.

While others are ripe for automation like data capture and approval workflows. An invoice processing flowchart can also help you to identify and remove inefficiencies. If you can receive your invoices electronically, you can have all your vendor invoices sent to your AP automation system to save time on invoice receipt. And guess what? If you have your invoices coming in electronically—great!

AP automation software is uniquely suited to help capture and extract that data with no human intervention. With Stampli, you can also capture and extract invoice data below the header, including individual or custom line items. With an API integration, your AP automation platform will be synchronized with your financial system to categorize your invoices and automatically code them with your general ledger accounts.

Invoice verification is a huge responsibility for the AP department—this is how we avoid duplicate and fraudulent payments. However, when approving invoices manually, verifications become time intensive, and three-way matching can be nearly impossible for invoices missing information such as PO number. With AP automation, software can automatically read data on invoices and search its central database for corresponding data in POs or other supporting documents.

Moreover, if your vendor forgot to include the PO number, you can search open POs from your integrated accounting systems with AP solutions like Stampli. Think about the alternative:. After coding, one of your AP team members has to type out an email to a coworker in a different department, attach the invoice, then send the email… with their hands?

With an AP automation platform, the system aligns with your invoice processing approval workflows and all AP has to do is review any suggestions and verify.

Once routed for approval by AP, the invoice is sent to the appropriate approver s and in the correct order. Using automation for routing approvals, including follow-up notifications, can dramatically reduce the amount of time it takes to get an invoice approved. The whole reason we do what we do in AP is to ensure invoices are both valid and vendors receive payment.

Which takes no small amount of effort, given the number of steps, accounts payable fraud prevention controls in place, and number of people involved throughout the invoice processing lifecycle. Upon successfully completing the verification and approval steps, along with the accounts payable internal controls your organization has in place, your AP automation solution should automatically be able to send the approved invoice for payment directly into your accounting system.

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I Accept Show Purposes. Your Money. Personal Finance. Your Practice. Popular Courses. Part Of. Accounting Basics. Accounting Theories and Concepts. Accounting Methods: Accrual vs. Accounting Oversight and Regulations. Financial Statements. Corporate Accounting. Public Accounting: Financial Audit and Taxation. Accounting Systems and Record Keeping. Accounting for Inventory. What Is an Invoice? Key Takeaways An invoice is a document that maintains a record of a transaction between a buyer and seller, such as a paper receipt from a store or online record from an e-tailer.

For invoices received where the agency did not designate the payment office, the Invoice Received Date is the date the agency initially receives the invoice. For invoices not submitted using the eInvoicing functionality of the SFS, agencies must populate the Invoice Received Date field on the voucher in the SFS using the date the agency received a proper invoice.

Ultimately, Patients will benefit from its low cost, fast processing and high sensitivity properties. In the long term, spectroscopy fingerprinting may become an excellent tool to classify microorganisms into their respective groups, genus and species level. This will be very promising system with high sensitivity and high specificity for microorganisms classification.

Photochemistry and Photobiology. Article Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Gynecol Oncol. Klinger J, Friedrich T: Site-specific interaction of thrombin and inhibitors observed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Biophys J. Book Google Scholar. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Leblanc Ludovic, Dufour Eric: Monitoring the identity of bacteria using their intrinsic fluorescence. Sarkissian Ani: Fiber optic fluorescence microprobe for endodontic diagnosis.

J Dent Educ. Sorrell Matthew: Bacteria identification of otitis media with fluorescence spectroscopy. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. Journal of Fluorescence. Current Microbiology. Saunders Co. Rativa Diego: Perspectives on in vitro fungal diagnosis with UV light.

Article PubMed Google Scholar. Download references. The authors also acknowledge "OnkoTec GmbH. Austria, for their kind technical support. Max F. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Aamir Shahzad. All authors participated in the preparation of the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript.

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions. Shahzad, A. Emerging applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in medical microbiology field. J Transl Med 7, 99 Download citation. Received : 16 September Accepted : 26 November Published : 26 November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. The sample is located at the intersection of the two beam paths. If an atom or molecule first absorbs energy — for instance a photon -, this is called excitation. Very shortly in the order of nanoseconds after excitation it emits a photon of a longer wavelength. We call that fluorescence.

We call it phosphorescence if the emission takes longer: in the order of milli- seconds. This is shown in the following 4 minute video. Only a relatively small number of compounds can fluoresce. Some non-fluorescent compounds can be made fluorescent by adding a fluorescent label.

In general molecules that fluoresce have one or more aromatic groups in its structure. A molecule can be excited from its electronic ground state. In the electronic ground state the molecule has the lowest possible electronic energy.

Upon excitation the absorption of a photon one of the electrons goes into an higher electronic state and the molecule is excited. The molecule will stay in its electronic excited state in the order of pico or nanoseconds ns. A fluorescence excitation spectrum is when the emission wavelength is fixed and the excitation monochromator wavelength is scanned. In this way, the spectrum gives information about the wavelengths at which a sample will absorb so as to emit at the single emission wavelength chosen for observation.

It is analogous to absorbance spectrum, but is a much more sensitive technique in terms of limits of detection and molecular specificity. The emission and excitation spectra for a given fluorophore are mirror images of each other.

Typically, the emission spectrum occurs at higher wavelengths lower energy than the excitation or absorbance spectrum. These two spectral types emission and excitation are used to see how a sample is changing. The spectral intensity and or peak wavelength may change with variants such as temperature, concentration, or interactions with other molecules around it. This includes quencher molecules and molecules or materials that involve energy transfer. Some fluorophores are also sensitive to solvent environment properties such as pH, polarity, and certain ion concentrations.

Fluorescent molecules and materials come in all shapes and sizes. Some are intrinsically fluorescent, such as chlorophyll and the amino acid residue tryptophan Trp , phenylalanine Phe and tyrosine Tyr.

Others are molecules synthesized specifically as stable organic dyes or tags to be added to otherwise non-fluorescent systems. There are entire catalogs of these available. For more information about tolerances and spectral performance for a specific product, please contact our sales department.

Prices in other currencies are available on request. All prices are subject to change without notice. Prices exclude freight charges or international handling and duty costs where applicable. For other shipping options, please contact our sales department. We have moved. Therefore, we decided to cease all travel activities until further notice. But you can still meet, see and talk to us virtually.

We use Microsoft Teams to easily set up calls, video conferences and share documents. You can even use it in your browser without installing any software. In case you have experiences with our products and services that do not live up to your expectations, please fill in our Customer complaint form before returning any goods. Skip to content Fluorescence is the phenomenon where a molecule absorbs light within its absorption band and then emits this light at longer wavelengths within its emission band.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy Configuration In fluorescence spectroscopy, a light of a specific wavelength band is passed through a solution, which emits the light towards a filter and into a detector for measurement. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Filters We briefly mentioned filters when outlining the configuration of a fluorescence spectroscopy device, and most of these devices are based on the filters within them.

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Outbreak : As part of their continued efforts to improve life in Gotham, the HAZMAT team have adjusted their cleanse rifles to now only do minimal damage against other players when used in duels while continuing to remain as powerful as ever against the intended targets of the Ace Chemicals clean-up operation.

Powers Fixed an issue where powers that could be used while controlled, but were not specifically breakout abilities, were causing juggle and levitate to end early. Corrected issue with Dominance scaling for Healing.

Note: Although this information is new to the tooltip, the ability was already working like this; no change has been made to the functions of the ability, only to the tooltip. Corrected a loophole with certain weapons that prevented characters from becoming vulnerable to counter mechanics after repeated spamming of construct combos against a target.

Circle of Destruction : This ability is now flagged as harmful and will now trigger the Escalating Might tactical mod. The Watcher: This pet will now only heal others when the owner is in the Healer role. PvP Influence will no longer be awarded.

PvP Supply Boxes and Legacy Colas remain available from the new PvP vendors for a limited time so be certain to spend any remaining influence.

Harmful shape shift abilities no longer affect players in PvP. Instead of shapeshifting, when used against players these abilities apply a short grounding effect and prevent the use of all abilities until the duration expires or the player breaks out. All acrobatic characters now have both glide and zip-line abilities. Rewards are now only earned through winning in Arena and Legend PvP maps.

Weekly win awards for Arenas provide additional Marks of Valor and a bonus item. Weekly win awards for Legends provide additional Marks of Legend and a bonus item. Arkham Asylum for both Legends and Arena is now a 5 vs.

Research and Development Mod recipe vendors will no longer show plans in their lists that you have already learned. UI Updated weapon tool tips to indicate equip-able status. Legends PvP maps in the On Duty menu are now only visible when you reach level 5 and can actually queue for them. Some missions will now have the mission acceptance dialog open after the voice over.

Inventory Items in inventory overflow storage are moved into empty slots as available rather than shifting all items forward one slot. Awards from Legends arenas are now placed into overflow if your inventory is full.

Fixed an issue where the message list from a previous tab would display briefly when changing tabs. Marketplace Added On Sale category. Weapons Reduced the interrupt vulnerability window for players after performing block breaking attacks to 1. Adjusted the button press timings on a number weapon specific area effect animations to prevent abilities sometimes double firing if you hit the button rapidly while using certain super powers.

This could affect a wide variety of abilities but was reported frequently in association with Savage Growth. Dual Pistol Purchasing the Sweep Shot weapon skill now also causes your Full Auto ability to fire one additional shot after the attack is activated and after switching directions of fire.

When Sweep Shot is purchased Full Auto always causes additional damage regardless of supercharge level. Solar Flare : Adjusted button input timing to improve feel and prevent unintentional activation of subsequent abilities.

Solar Flame now damages enemies in an area around the target. Charged Blast now damages enemies in an area around the target. This entry was posted in Patch and tagged Game Update 25 , patch notes. Bookmark the permalink. April 24, at pm. AnonDCUO says:. April 25, at am. Darkhall says:. April 26, at am. Slide says:. April 27, at am. Trevor K says:. June 8, at pm. February 26, at am. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Search for:. Samurai sudoku Sudoku Book Games on Kindle.

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More toggle menu. If you have completed at least 90 units, the Petition To Graduate is now available for you to complete. Before filing the Petition to Graduate, please check your Degree Works audit to make sure that it reflects the correct major s and minor s and academic advisor.

Once your petition is submitted, it will be routed to your academic advisor for approval. The term in which you will have officially and successfully complete all of your graduation requirements.

You must apply for the term fall, spring, summer in which you plan to graduate through My SFCC student portal. Once final grades are posted, your record will be evaluated and your diploma will be sent to you via mail to the address on file. It is an end of the term celebration for students projected to successfully complete all of their graduation requirements by the end of that semester. You will not receive a diploma at the commencement ceremony.

If the report shows that all requirements have been or will be met upon completion of in-progress courses, schedule an appointment with an Academic Counselor to confirm your degree status and to petition to graduate if eligible. Official transcripts required.

ProTip: If your goal is transfer to a four-year institution, meeting with an academic counselor is needed to ensure you meet university admission, general education, and major preparation requirements. As outlined above, some certificates are automatically awarded and you do not need to petition to graduate. Not sure? Ask Us. As outlined above, Cabrillo will notify you and automatically award Skills Certificates and Certificates of Achievements if all requirements have been met with Cabrillo courses.

Cabrillo College issues a new catalog each year. For the purposes of meeting graduation requirements, student may elect to meet the requirements of either:. Continuous enrollment is defined as completion of at least one course per academic year with a grade of A, B, C, D or P CR at Cabrillo College, or at another US regionally accredited institution of higher learning.

If you decide to change your major, please consult with an academic counselor before you make this change official. Make an appointment with your academic counselor. Degree Certificate processing will start after final grades are posted. Your diploma will be sent to the mailing address listed in your file. To update, submit the Change of Information eForm. If you move after your petition has been submitted, please submit a mail-forwarding request with the US Postal Service. View the name listed and currently on file; if needed, update all your information.

Good News! If your diploma is missing or destroyed, you can order a replacement diploma. Deadlines to Petition. Participate in the Commencement Ceremony. Congratulations Seahawk! You're almost done with your requirements and you're ready to graduate. What's Next? At the end of the process you'll be a Cabrillo College Graduate. You'll receive your diploma from Cabrillo College.

While not required , you'll be able to participate in the Commencement Ceremony. Getting Ready - what to expect, in short: Start on your own by viewing My Progress in Student Planning to check that all your requirements will be done by the end of the term.

You may then need to meet with an Academic Counselor, together you'll complete the Graduation Petition form. The Evaluation Team holds the Graduation Petition for final grades from in-progress courses to verify that all plan requirements have been met. Diplomas will be issued and mailed after the certificate degree has been verified as complete. We're happy to help. With any questions about the Petition Process. Quick Links. Admissions and Records. Do I need to meet with an Academic Counselor to.

Skills Certificates Certificates of Achievement if: all your required courses are completed at Cabrillo completed and in-progress courses meet all certificate requirements based on current catalog-year requirements Cabrillo will automatically award your Skills Certificates and Certificates of Achievements; you will be notified via email.

Timeline for the Petition Process. First Things First. Beginning of the Term.