Abraham Maslow developed a Hierarchy of Needs , describing the motivations that drive each of us. Maslow's hierarchy pyramid explains. Maslow termed such goals self-actualizing needs , and claimed that our behavior is driven by these needs. Following humanistic principles, Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy , and advocated that the therapist build rapport with a client, listening to and empathising with them.
Rather than providing harsh criticism, Rogers proposed that the therapist exhibits unconditional positive regard for the client, regardless of their attitude. The humanistic approach emphasises the importance of qualitative evidence over the quantitative, statistical measurements of more scientific approaches. Individuals may be interviewed and allowed to express their true feelings.
Open-ended questionnaires may also be used, as may client observations and diary-keeping. A person is given two identical deck of cards containing self-descriptive adjectives and phrases. They are asked to sort the first deck in order of how accurately the cards describe themselves at present.
They then arrange the second deck in order how they would like to be in an ideal world - their actualised self. Differences in the position of the same card between decks reveal potential opportunities for personal development. The approach satisfies the demand for more humanistic values in Western societies and has resulted in numerous practical applications.
Self-help books and seminars also aim to cater for our need to achieve actualization. In contrast to biological and psychodynamic perspectives, the humanistic approach acknowledges the individuality of human beings, along with the free will indicated by our conscious thoughts.
Yet, humanistic psychology lacks the empirical evidence that the physiological approach is able to obtain through experimentation. It also ignores the significant value of biological approaches, including the role played by genes and neurochemistry in influencing behavior. Learn more about the humanistic approach here. These include the innate drives which we are born with, but remain unconscious of. At times, these drives result in the potential for undesirable or socially unacceptable behavior.
Therefore, the mind tries to silence desires, such as sexual drives, by repressing them. The psychodynamic approach was popularised by the writings of Austrian physician Sigmund Freud Freud identified 5 stages of psychosexual development, during which a person derives satisfaction from a different area of the body, or erogenous zone. These stages include the oral stage during feeding, as an infant enjoys comfort from drinking milk.
The later anal stage encompasses a period of toilet training. Freud believed that if a person was prevented from fulfilling their needs at any stage, a fixation involving the relevant erogenous zone could occur.
Additionally, Freud proposed that the human psyche is comprised of three competing entities: the id , ego and super ego. The id drives impulsive desires, whilst the ego tempers such desires with the external realities of potentially being punished for behaving irrationally. More controversially, Freud proposed that males suffer from an Oedipus complex - a desire for their mother which results in a resentment of their father. Similarly, he believed that females desire their fathers, as part of an Electra complex.
Thoughts threatening to the ego are confronted with the deployment of defense mechanisms, which include repression , sublimation and the transference of feelings from one person to another. Freud is credited for bringing attention to the influence of subconscious thoughts and desires on the human psyche. He focussed not only on their present condition but used free association, hypnosis and regression to explore their childhood experiences, their relationships with their parents and with other family members.
These including case studies, such as that of Little Hans Freud, He also wrote that hysteria in the case of Anna O , a client of his colleague, Josef Breuer , could be explained using a psychodynamic approach Freud, His reliance on selective aspects of case studies were the only evidence Freud used to support his theories.
Theories regarding the psyche are also difficult to prove and cannot be falsified. Focussing on subconscious thoughts and drives, psychodynamic theories also discount the significance of self-control, through conscious thoughts and free will.
A school of psychologists known as neo-Freudian school sought to further develop his theories. Carl Jung, for a time a supporter of Freud before separating from him, was one such member of this group.
He believed that they influence our ideas and beliefs in a similar way to memory schemas. Learn more about the psychodynamic approach here. Which Archetype Are You? Discover which Jungian Archetype your personality matches with this archetype test. Are You Angry? Take our 5-minute anger test to find out if you're angry! Windows to the Soul What can a person's eyes tell you about what they are thinking?
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A look at synesthesia, a condition which causes sufferers to experience a Overview of the humanistic approach in psychology. Includes related studies and Overview to Rational Emotive Therapy as a treatment in psychology. More on Psychology Issues. Psychology approaches, theories and studies explained. Learn More and Sign Up. How can the colors around us affect our mood? Learn to interpret body language signals and better understand people's emotions.
Struggle to keep conversations alive? Try the easy-to-remember FORM technique. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. A look at common defense mechanisms we employ to protect the ego. Classical conditioning involves learning by association, and operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior.
Though looking into natural reflexes and neutral stimuli he managed to condition dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell through repeated associated with the sound of the bell and food. Skinner investigated operant conditioning of voluntary and involuntary behavior. Skinner felt that some behavior could be explained by the person's motive. Therefore behavior occurs for a reason, and the three main behavior shaping techniques are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
Behaviorism also believes in scientific methodology e. Behaviorism rejects the idea that people have free will, and believes that the environment determines all behavior. Behaviorism is the scientific study of observable behavior working on the basis that behavior can be reduced to learned S-R Stimulus-Response units. Behaviorism has been criticized in the way it under-estimates the complexity of human behavior. Many studies used animals which are hard to generalize to humans, and it cannot explain, for example, the speed in which we pick up language.
There must be biological factors involved. Who hasn't heard of Sigmund Freud? So many expressions of our daily life come from Freud's theories of psychoanalysis - subconscious, denial, repression and anal personality to name only a few.
Freud believes that events in our childhood can have a significant impact on our behavior as adults. He also believed that people have little free will to make choices in life.
Instead, our behavior is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. It is the original psychodynamic theory and inspired psychologists such as Jung and Erikson to develop their own psychodynamic theories. Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis , explained the human mind as like an iceberg, with only a small amount of it being visible, that is our observable behavior, but it is the unconscious, submerged mind that has the most, underlying influence on our behavior.
Freud used three main methods of accessing the unconscious mind : free association, dream analysis and slips of the tongue. He believed that the unconscious mind consisted of three components: the ' id' the 'ego' and the 'superego.
The 'id' and the 'superego' are constantly in conflict with each other, and the 'ego' tries to resolve the discord. If this conflict is not resolved, we tend to use defense mechanisms to reduce our anxiety.
Psychoanalysis attempts to help patients resolve their inner conflicts. An aspect of psychoanalysis is Freud's theory of psychosexual development. It shows how early experiences affect adult personality. Stimulation of different areas of the body is important as the child progresses through the important developmental stages. Too much or too little can have bad consequences later. The most important stage is the phallic stage where the focus of the libido is on the genitals.
During this stage little boys experience the 'Oedipus complex,' and little girls experience the 'Electra complex. However, it has been criticized in the way that it over emphasizes the importance of sexuality and under emphasized the role of social relationships.
The theory is not scientific, and can't be proved as it is circular. Nevertheless, psychoanalysis has been greatly contributory to psychology in that it has encouraged many modern theorists to modify it for the better, using its basic principles, but eliminating its major flaws.
Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person know as holism. Cognitive psychologists often utilize an information-processing model, comparing the human mind to a computer, to conceptualize how information is acquired, processed, stored, and utilized.
This study of psychology focuses on genetics and how we are a product of our genes and nothing else. This approach looks at psychology through biological lenses as it examines our thoughts,behaviors, and behavior. This approach talks about the importance of inheritance and how things such as the brain, nervous system and immune system are things that can be affected in a negative way which can affect your behavior. As technology has expanded it has allowed us a deeper look into our anatomy which has only further backed this approach with more strong evidence which has been very influential in the psychological field of study.
Cross — cultural approach examines different cultures that people live in and look at how these environments can influence individuals behavior and decision making. This approach is new and has not ben around as long as the other 6 approaches to psychology but it still plays a huge role in better understanding human behavior and is very important.
There has been many examples of cultural differences in psychology and how they influence behavior, you also have cultures inside of other cultures. For example American culture exists but because we are a melting pot we have smaller cultures among different types of people within American culture and it does play a big role in our behavior and everyday decision making.
Evolutionary psychology is focused on the study of how evolution explains physiological processes. Psychologists and researchers take the basic principles of evolution, including natural selection, and apply them to psychological phenomena. This perspective suggests that these mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose — they aid in survival and reproduction.
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